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Referanseliste

Referanser til kapittel 1

  1. Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, Rudick R, Mörk SJ, Bö L. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(5):278-285
  2. Nortvedt MV, Riise T, Myhr KM, Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: measuring the disease effects more broadly. Neurology 1999;53:1098-1103
  3. Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 2000; 47(6):707-717.
  4. Ludwin SK. The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2000; 10(4):625-648.
  5. Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(13):938-952.
  6. Peterson JW, Bö L, Mörk SJ, Chang A, Trapp BD. Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Annals of Neurology 2001; 50(3):389-400.
  7. Prineas JW, McDonald WI, Franklin RJM. Demyelinating diseases. In: Graham DI, Lantos PL, editors. Greenfield’s Neuropathology. London: Arnold, 2002: 471-550.
  8. Myhr KM, Flinstad Harbo H. Multippel sklerose-en sykdom med kompleks genetikk. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2003;123:2723-2726
  9. Swanborg RH, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Infectious agents and multiple sclerosis--are Chlamydia Pneumoniae and human herpesvirus 6 involved?. J Neuroimmunol 2003;136(1-2):1-8
  10. Dyment DA, Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology 2004;3:104-10
  11. Mitchell AJ, Benito-Leon J, Morales Gonzales JM, Rivera-Navarro J. Quality of life and its assessment in multiple sclerosis: integrating physical and psychological components of wellbeing. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:556-566
  12. Compston A, Noseworthty J, Lassmann H, Miller DH, Smith KJ, Wekerle H,
  13. McAlpine’s Multiple Sclerosis, 4th edition, Churchill Livingstone, December 2005

Anbefalt lesning

  • Matthews WB. Multiple sclerosis: The facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994
  • Matthews WB (ed). McAlpine’s multiple sclerosis. London: Churchill-Livingstone; 1996.
  • Murray TJ. The psychosocial aspects of multiple sclerosis. Neurologic Clinics 1995;13:197-218.
  • Wood C. The cost of multiple sclerosis: A pharmacoeconomic model. Mineo:
  • University of Oxford; 1994.
  • Andrews KL, Husmann DA. Bladder dysfunction and management in multiple sclerosis.
  • Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:1176-1183.
  • Holland N. Bladder management in multiple sclerosis. MS Management 1994;1:7-8.

Referanser til kapittel 2

  1. McDonald WI, Compston DAS, Edan G, et al. New recommended diagnostic criteria for MS. Ann Neurol [in press].
  2. Polman CH, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the McDonald Criteria”.Ann Neurol. 2005 Dec;58(6):840-6
  3. Kurtzke J. Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983;33:1444-1452.
  4. Lov 1990-07-02 nr.63: Lov om pasientrettigheter
  5. Yrkesetiske retningslinjer for Sykepleiere(2001) Norsk sykepleierforbund

Referanser til kapittel 3

Referanser til kapittel 3, del 1

  1. Fazekas F, Deisenhammer F, Strasser-Fuchs S, Nahler G, Mamoli B. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin 0therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997;349:589-593.
  2. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, Ford CC, Goldstein J, Lisak RP, et al. Copolymer-1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1268-1276.
  3. Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group. Ann Neurol 2001;49:290-297.
  4. Paty DW, Li DK. Interferon beta 1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993;43:662-667.
  5. The IFNβ Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta 1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993;43:655-661.
  6. The IFNβ Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta 1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1277-1285.
  7. Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Ann Neurol 1996;39:285-294.
  8. Rudick RA, Goodkin DE, Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Herndon RM, Richert JR, et al. Impact of interferon beta-1a on neurologic disability in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neurology 1997;49:358-363.
  9. PRISMS Study Group. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon -1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998;352:1498-1504.
  10. The IFNβ Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. PRISMS-4: Long-term efficacy of interferon-beta-1a in relapsing MS. Neurology 2001;56:1628-1636.
  11. OWIMS Study Group. Evidence of interferon beta-1a dose response in relapsing-remitting MS: The OWIMS Study Group 1999;53:679-686.
  12. EVidence for Interferon Dose-effect: European-North American Comparative Efficacy Study. A large (667 patients) controlled, randomized, rater-blinded, parallel group, multi-center trial (US, Europe, Canada) comparing Rebif® 44mcg (injected three times weekly Subcutaneously) and Avonex® 30mcg (injected once weekly intramuscularly) for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In press. Brooks NA. Opportunities for health promotion including the chronically ill and disabled. Soc Sci Med 1985;19.
  13. Fischer J, Miller D, LaRocca N (eds). Multiple sclerosis: Key issues in nursing management. Columbia (MD): Medicalliance, Inc.; 1999.
  14. Halper J, Holland N. Comprehensive nursing care in multiple sclerosis. New York: Demos Vermande; 1997.
  15. Madonna MG, Keating MM. Multiple sclerosis pathways: An innovative nursing role in disease management. J Neurosci Nurs 1999;31:332-335.

Referanser til kapittel 3, del 2

  1. Munschauer FE, Kinkel RP. Managing side effects of interferon-beta in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther 1997;19:883-893.
  2. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, Ford CC, Goldstein J, Lisak RP, et al. and the Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1268-1276.
  3. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and disability by Interferon® beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998;352:1498-1504.
  4. Biogen. Avonex® produktomtale.
  5. Berlex Laboratories. Betaferon® produktomtale.
  6. Elgart GW, Sheremata W, Ahn YS. Cutaneous reactions to recombinant human interferon beta-1b: The clinical and histologic spectrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:553-558.
  7. Feldmann R, Low-Weiser H, Duschet P, Gschnait F. Necrotizing cutaneous lesions caused by interferon beta injections in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Dermatology 1997;195:52-53.
  8. Weinberg JM, Wolfe JT, Sood S, Saruk M, Rook AH, Spiers EM. Cutaneous necrosis associated with recombinant interferon injection. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1997;77:146-148.
  9. Knobler RL, Kelly CL, Tantras F, Webster GF, Lubin FD. Interferon beta-1b induced ulcerative skin lesions in MS [abstract]. J Neuroimmunol 1994;64:173.
  10. Serono. Rebif® produktomtale.
  11. Cumberbatch J, Bishop C. Critical pathway for assessment and treatment of Betaseron-induced necrosis [pamphlet]. 1999.
  12. TevaMarion Partners. Copaxone® produktomtale.
  13. Walther EU, Hohlfeld R. Multiple sclerosis: Side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management. Neurology 1999;58:1622-1627.
  14. Lublin FD, Whitaker JN, Eidelman BH, Miller AE, Arnason BGW, Burks JS. Management of patients receiving interferon beta-1b for multiple sclerosis: Report of a consensus conference. Neurology 1996;46:12-18.

Referanser til kapittel 3, del 3

  1. Brooks NA. Opportunities for health promotion including the chronically ill and disabled. Soc Sci Med 1985;19.
  2. Fischer J, Miller D, LaRocca N (eds). Multiple sclerosis: Key issues in nursing management. Columbia (MD): Medicalliance, Inc.; 1999.
  3. Marciniak M, Johnson B, Foley FW, et al. The use of the Levo chair in the management of multiple sclerosis. Presentation made at the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centres Conference; Halifax (NS); June 15–17, 1991.
  4. Halper J, Holland N. Comprehensive nursing care in multiple sclerosis. New York: Demos Vermande; 1997.
  5. Kolton KA, Piccolo P. Patient compliance: A challenge in practice. Nurse Pract 1988;12:37-50.
  6. Sibley WA. Therapeutic claims in multiple sclerosis. New York: Demos Vermande; 1996.
  7. Denis L. Promoting adherence to therapeutic regimens in multiple sclerosis. Presentation made at the Ottawa Hospital, General Campus. Ottawa (ON); November 1999.
  8. Collingworth S, Gould D, Wainwright SP. Patient self-administration of medication: A review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud 1997;34:256-269.
  9. Oger J, Freedman M. Consensus statement of the Canadian MS Clinics Network on the use of disease modifyiong agent in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1999;26:274.
  10. Madonna MG, Keating MM. Multiple sclerosis pathways: An innovative nursing role in disease management. J Neurosci Nurs 1999;31:332-335.
  11. Mohr. Et al (1996)

Anbefalt lesning

  • Andersen O. Treatment alternatives in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In: Siva A, Kesselring J, Thompson AJ, (eds). Frontiers in multiple sclerosis. Volume 2. London: Martin Dunitz; 1999.
  • European Study Group on Interferon Beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of Interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998;352:1491-1497.
  • Milligan NM, Newcombe R, Compston DA. A double-blind controlled trial of high dose methylprednisolone in patients with multiple sclerosis. 1. Clinical effects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:511-516.
  • Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Neurol 1990;27:591-605.
  • Rudge P, Koetsier JC, Mertin J, Mispelblom Beyer JO, Van Walbeek, Clifford Jones R, et al. Randomised, double-blind, controlled trial of cyclosporine in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:559-565.

Referanser til kapittel 4

Referanser til kapittel 4, del 1

  1. van den Noort S, Holland NJ. Multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. Second edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.; 1999.
  2. Coulthard-Morris L, Vollmer T. Multiple sclerosis fatigue: Classification and treatment options. Mult Sclerosis Clin Issues 1995;2:2-6.
  3. Fisk JD, Pontefract A, Ritvo PG, Archibald CJ, Murray TJ. The impact of fatigue on patients with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1994;21:9-14.
  4. Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Scheinberg AD. The fatigue severity scale: Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol 1989;46:1121-1123.
  5. Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Fatigue and multiple sclerosis: Evidence-based management strategies for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Paralyzed Veterans of America; 1998.
  6. Vercoulen JH, Hommes OR, Swanink CM, Jongen PJ, Fennis JF, Galama JM, et al. The measurement of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A multidimensional comparison of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy subjects. Arch Neurol 1996;53:642-649.

Referanser til kapittel 4 del 2

  1. Blaivas JG. Management of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1980;30:12-18.
  2. van den Noort S, Holland NJ. Multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. Second edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.;1999.
  3. Andrews KL, Husmann DA. Bladder dysfunction and management in multiple sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:1176-1183.
  4. Holland N. Bladder management in multiple sclerosis. MS Management 1994; 1:7-11
  5. Giannantoni A, Scivoletto G, Di Stasi SM, Grasso MG, Vespasiani G, Castellano V. Urological dysfunction and upper urinary tract involvement in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurourol Urodyn 1998;17:89-98.
  6. Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Lipsitz LA. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. JAMA 1994;271:751-754.
  7. Walker EB, Barney DP, Mickelsen JN, Walton RJ, Mickelsen RA Jr. Cranberry concentrate: UTI prophylaxis. J Fam Pract 1997;45:167-168.
  8. Lee YL, Owens J, Thrupp L, Cesario TC. Does cranberry juice have antibacterial activity? JAMA 2000;283:1691.
  9. Zafriri D, Ofek I, Adar R, Pocino M, Sharon N. Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice on adherence of type 1 and type P fimbriated Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:92-98.

Anbefalt lesning

  • Banovac K, Wade N, Gonzalez F, Walsh B, Rhamy RK. Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury: Effect of methenamine. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1991;14:52-54.
  • Barbalias GA, Nikiforidis G, Listsikos EN. Vesicourethral dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis: Clinical and urodynamic perspectives. J Urol 1998;160:106-111.
  • Betts CD, D’Mellow MT, Fowler CJ. Urinary symptoms and the neurological features of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1993;56:245-250.
  • Catanzaro M, O’Shaughnessy EJ, Clowers DC, Brooks G. Urinary bladder dysfunction as a remedial disability in multiple sclerosis: A sociologic perspective. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1982;63:472-474.
  • Chancellor MB, Rivas DA, Staas WE Jr. DDAVP in urological management of the difficult neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury: Preliminary report. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1994;17:165-167.
  • De Ridder D, Van Poppel H, Baert L, Binard J. From time-dependent, intermittent, self-catheterisation to volume dependent self-catherisation in multiple sclerosis using the PCI 5000 Bladdermanager. Spinal Cord 1997;35:613-616.
  • Fowler CJ. Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Causes and treatments. Int Mult Sclerosis J 1994;1:99-107.
  • Fowler CJ, van Korrebroeck PE, Nordenbo A, Van Poppel H. Treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: Committee of the European Study Group of SUDIMS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1992;55:986-989.
  • Halper J, Holland N. Comprehensive nursing care in multiple sclerosis. New York: Demos Vermande; 1997.
  • Holland NJ. Clinical bulletin: Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. National Multiple Sclerosis Society; 1998.
  • Kotkin L, Milam DF. Evaluation and management of the urologic consequences of neurologic disease. Tech Urol 1996;2:210-219.
  • Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Urinary dysfunction and multiple sclerosis: Evidence-based management strategies for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Paralyzed Veterans of America; 1998.
  • Perkash I. Long-term urologic management of the patient with spinal cord injury. Urol Clin North Am 1993;20:423-434.
  • Thompson IM, Lauvetz R. Oxybutynin in bladder spasm, neurogenic bladder and enuresis. Urology 1976;8:452-454.
  • Valiquette G, Herbert J, Meade-D’Alisara P. Desmopressin in the management of nocturia in patients with multiple sclerosis: A double-blind, crossover trial. Arch Neurol 1996;53:1270-1275.
  • Warren JW. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:609-622.

Referanser til kapittel 4 del 3

  1. Hinds JP, Eidelman BH, Wald A. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A population survey. Gastroenterol 1990;98:1538-1542.
  2. Chia YW, Fowler CJ, Kamm MA, Henry MM, Lemieux MC, Swash M. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis and bladder dysfunction. J Neurol 1995;242:105-108.
  3. Fowler CJ, Henry MM. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol 1996;16:277-279.
  4. Clanet M (chair). The symptoms of multiple sclerosis and their management. In: Proceedings of the MS Forum Modern Management Workshop; April 1992; Paris, France. Worthing UK: Professional Postgraduate Services Europe Ltd.; 1994.
  5. van den Noort S, Holland NJ. Multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. Second edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.;1999.
  6. Hinds JP, Eidelman BH, Wald A. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A population survey. Gastroenterol 1990;98:1538-1542.
  7. Chia YW, Fowler CJ, Kamm MA, Henry MM, Lemieux MC, Swash M. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis and bladder dysfunction. J Neurol 1995;242:105-108.

Anbefalt lesning

  • Britell CW. Preventing and managing bowel problems. MS Quarterly Report 1996;15:1-4.
  • Caruana BJ, Wald A, Hinds JP, Eidelman BH. Anorectal sensory and motor function in neurogenic fecal incontinence: Comparison between multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterol 1991;100:465-470.
  • Chia YW, Gill KP, Jameson JS, Forti AD, Henry MM, Swash M, et al. Paradoxical puborectalis contraction is a feature of constipation in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1996;60:31-35.
  • Hinds JP, Wald A. Colonic and anorectal dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1989;84:587-95.
  • Nordenbo AM, Andersen JR, Andersen JT. Disturbances of anorectal function in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1996;243:445-451.

Referanser til kapittel 4 del 4

  1. van den Noort S, Holland NJ. Multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. Second edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.;1999.
  2. Clanet M (chair). The symptoms of multiple sclerosis and their management. In: Proceedings of the MS Forum Modern Management Workshop; April 1992; Paris, France. Worthing UK: Professional Postgraduate Services Europe Ltd.; 1994.
  3. Archibald CJ, McGrath PJ, Ritvo PG, Fisk JD, Bhan V, Maxner CE, et al. Pain prevalence, severity, and impact in a clinic sample of multiple sclerosis patients. Pain 1994;58:89-93.
  4. Moulin DE. Pain assessment and management in multiple sclerosis. Int Mult Sclerosis J 1996;3:59-63.
  5. Moulin DE, Foley KM, Ebers GC. Pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1988;38:1830-1834.
  6. Moulin DE, Iezzi A, Amireh R, Sharpe WK, Boyd D, Merskey H. Randomised trial of oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain. Lancet 1996;347:143-147.
  7. Vaney C. Understanding pain mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. MS Management 1996;3:11-18.
  8. Harden RN, Cole PA. New developments in rehabilitation of neuropathic pain syndromes: Interdisciplinary team approach. Neurol Clin 1998;16:937-950.

Anbefalt lesning

  • Beckonja MM, Galer BS. Pain assessment and evaluation of patients who have neuropathic pain. Neurol Clin 1998;16:775-790
  • Beric A. Central pain and dysesthesia syndrome. Neurol Clin 1998;16:899-918.
  • Dellemijn P. Are opioids effective in relieving neuropathic pain? Pain 1999;80:453-462.
  • Halper J, Holland N. Comprehensive nursing care in multiple sclerosis. New York: Demos Vermande; 1997.
  • Khan OA. Gabapentin relieves trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology 1998;51:611-614.
  • Krames ES. Interventional pain management: Appropriate when less invasive therapies fail to provide adequate analgesia. Med Clin North Am 1999;83:787-808.
  • MacFarlane BV, Wright A, O’Callaghan J, Benson HA. Chronic neuropathic pain and its control by drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1997;75:1-19.
  • MacQuay HJ, Tramer M, Nye BA, Carroll D, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain 1996;68:217-227.
  • Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 1987;30:191-197.
  • Morrison G, Yashon D, White RJ. Relief of pain and spasticity by anterior dorsolumbar rhizotomy in multiple sclerosis. Ohio State Med J 1969;65:588-591.
  • Moulin DE. Pain in central and peripheral demyelinating disorders. Neurol Clin 1998;16:889-898.
  • Samkoff LM, Daras M, Tuchman AJ, Koppel BS. Amelioration of refractory dysesthetic limb pain in multiple sclerosis by gabapentin. Neurology 1997;49:304-305.
  • Savage SR. Opioid use in the management of chronic pain. Med Clin North Am 1999;83:761-786.
  • Warnell P. The pain experience of a multiple sclerosis population: A descriptive study. Axon 1991;13:26-28.

Referanser til kapittel 4 del 5

  1. van den Noort S, Holland NJ. Multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. Second edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.;1999.
  2. Shapiro RT. Symptom management in multiple sclerosis. Third edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.; 1998.

Anbefalt lesning

  • Borg-Stein J, Pine ZM, Miller JR, Brin MF. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: New observations. Am J Phys Med Rehab 1993;72:364-368.
  • Brar SP, Smith MB, Nelson LM, Franklin GM, Cobble ND. Evaluation of treatment protocols on minimal to moderate spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1991;72:186-189.
  • Dunevsky A, Perel AB. Gabapentin for relief of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Am J Phys Med Rehab 1998;77:451-454.
  • Eyssette M, Rohmer F, Serratrice G, Warter JM, Boisson D. Multi-centre, double-blind trial of a novel antispastic agent, tizanidine, in spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Res Opin 1988;10:699-708.
  • Khan OA, Olek MJ. Clonidine in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis [letter]. J Neurol 1995;242:712-713.
  • Metz L. Managing multiple sclerosis. Can J CME 1997;October:91-100.
  • Metz LM, Patten SB, McGowan D. Symptomatic therapies of multiple sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 1999;53:371-379.
  • Morgante L, Copperman L, Hugos L, for the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, and Serono Symposia USA. Multiple sclerosis in 1999: Focus on rehabilitation. An interactive teleconference broadcast to 268 locations in the USA and Canada. December 8–9, 1999.
  • Schmidt RT, Lee RH, Spehlmann R. Treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Comparison of dantrolene sodium and diazepam. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1975;100:235-237.
  • Smith C, Birnbaum G, Carter JL, Greenstein J, Lublin FD. Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. US Tizanidine Study Group. Neurology 1994;44(suppl 9):S34-S43.
  • Smith PF, Darlington CL. Recent developments in drug therapy for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1999;5:110-120.
  • Ungerleider JT, Andyrsiak T, Fairbanks L, Ellison GW, Myers LW. Delta-9-THC in the treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987;7:39-50.
  • United Kingdom Tizanidine Trial Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994;44(suppl 9):S70-S78.

Referanser til kapittel 4 del 6

  1. van den Noort S, Holland NJ. Multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. Second edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.;1999.
  2. Clanet M (chair). The symptoms of multiple sclerosis and their management. In: Proceedings of the MS Forum Modern Management Workshop; April 1992; Paris, France. Worthing UK: Professional Postgraduate Services Europe Ltd.; 1994.
  3. Shapiro RT. Symptom management in multiple sclerosis. Third ed. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.; 1998.

Anbefalt lesning

  • Cooper IS. Relief of intention tremor of multiple sclerosis by thalamic surgery. JAMA 1967;199:689-694.
  • DeLisa JA, Miller RM, Mikulic MA, Hammond MC. Multiple sclerosis: Part II. Common functional problems and rehabilitation. Am Fam Physician 1985;32:127-132.
  • Duquette P, Pleines J, du Souich P. Isoniazid for tremor in multiple sclerosis [letter]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1985;48:957.
  • Duquette P, Pleines J, du Souich P. Isoniazid for tremor in multiple sclerosis: A controlled trial. Neurology 1985;35:1772-1775.
  • Freeman R, Miyawaki E. The treatment of autonomic dysfunction. J Clin Neurophysiol 1993;10:61-82.
  • Hallett M. Isoniazid and action tremor in multiple sclerosis [letter]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1985;48:957.
  • Hallett M, Lindsey JW, Adelstein BD, Riley PO. Controlled trial of isoniazid therapy for severe postural cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1985;35:1374-1377.
  • Paty DW, Ebers GC. Multiple sclerosis. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 1998.
  • Riechert T, Richter D. Operative Behandlung des Tremors der Multiplen Sklerose und des essentiellen Tremors [Surgical treatment of multiple sclerosis tremor and essential tremor]. Munch Med Wochenschr 1972;114:2025-2028.
  • Riechert T, Richter D. Stereotaktische Operationen zur Behandlung des Tremors der Multiplen Sklerose [Stereotaxic operations in the treatment of the tremors in multiple sclerosis]. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 1972;111:411-416.
  • Sabra AF, Hallett M, Sudarsky L, Mullally W. Treatment of action tremor in multiple sclerosis with isoniazid. Neurology 1982;32:912-913.

Referanser til kapittel 4 del 7

  1. van den Noort S, Holland NJ. Multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. Second edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Co. Inc.;1999.

Anbefalt lesning

  • Baum HM, Rothschild BB. Multiple sclerosis and mobility restriction. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1983;64:591-596.

Referanser til kapittel 4 del 8

  1. Merson RM, Rolnick MI. Speech-language pathology and dysphagia in multiple sclerosis. Phys Med Rehab Clin N Am 1998;9:631-641.
  2. Hartlelius L, Svensson P. Speech and swallowing symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis: A survey. Folia Phoniatr Logop 1994;46:9-17.

Anbefalt lesning

  • Merson RM, Rolnick MI. Speech-language pathology and dysphagia in multiple sclerosis. Phys Med Rehab Clin North Am 1998;9:631-641.
  • Yorkston KM, Miller RM, Strand EA. Management of speech and swallowing in degenerative diseases. Tucson (AZ): Communication Skill Builders; 1995.
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